托福英语作文的写作基本思路是什么

　　yasIELTS WRITING SKILL

　　Ⅰ简介

　　1.结构

　　Tack 1:图表题(20min 150~180words 1/3)

　　Tack 2: Essay (40min 250~300words 2/3)

　　2.评分标准(Rating Mechanism/Criterion)

　　(1)字数:250words 9~15sentences 20~30words/sentence

　　(2)Fabric/Organization

　　4~5paragraphs

　　①Introduction (2~3sentences):导入问题、观点和态度

　　②Main

　　③Body

　　④

　　⑤Conclusion:与开通呼应

　　(3)切题

　　手段问题的摆出与观点或写作目的及命题相关，即不能写于主题无关的句子。

　　注意：

　　①不用some people

　　②不要引用名人名言。

　　③Main Body段落的主旨句往往为首句，且要出现命题的核心词或其近义词。

　　(4)衔接（句与句间的逻辑关系，包括从句与主句的关系）

　　过渡（段落间的起承转合）

　　(5)与法语拼写

　　正确率在97%以上，即错误处<8

　　(6)句法复杂

　　复杂句>70% ①定于从句:sb,a sth,who does sth,is sb

　　②主语从句:That…, is a…

　　③状语从句:Because Although

　　(7)句型多变 ①强调句:It is … that/who…

　　②倒庄句:Not…until…

　　③比较结构:平行、对称

　　④分词:Ex:⑴Analyzing this issue from macroeconomics angles, scientists claim that it looms large (严重).

　　⑵Analyzed from historical angle/perspectives…

　　↑Band 7

　　(8)词汇

　　注意近义词的使用

　　↑Band 8

　　(9)习语、成语、修辞

　　ⅡIntroduction (2~3sentences)

　　(1)Problem/Issue:

　　①陈述句或设问句

　　②不能照抄命题

　　③在提出问题前可陈述与命题有关的现象（不超过一句）

　　(2)Points(反/正/中)

　　(3) Examples:

　　①What roles does tax, regards of its various forms, play in the development of a nation and an individual tax player. On the basis/strength/ground of my understanding/experience/knowledge, it hinders and hampers （阻碍/押头韵） human well being（人类福利）.

　　②05-6-11

　　What is the relationship between architecture and culture identities? Will constructing buildings in conventional styles contribute to the preservation and or protection of the so-called culture ,a term with rather elusive (难以捉摸) and even controversial senses. A voice advocating such a practice is prevailing (流行)/dominating（控制）the public. This concept, nevertheless, is dubious /problematic.

　　③05-7-9

　　Do health care and education fall in the responsibilities of a modern government, which has been universally considered to protect basic human rights?

　　④05-8-13

　　Crimes are a formidable social issue that confronts almost each and every modern civilization. Moreover, the reasons why some human individuals commit crimes are yet to be discovered, because how to prevent children from becoming criminals looms large.

　　⑤05-10-15

　　It is a fact that distinct dissimilarities in education and health conditions exist between rural and urban areas. These gaps, however, are not necessarily bridged by sending teachers or doctors to rural areas. This is because each individual has human rights and liberty in selecting job site. This essay thus attempt to offer insights into these issues.

　　⑥ 05-5-28

　　What is a sound relationship between the curricula (pl. for curriculum) in high education institute and job markets/employment? It has been traditionally held that high education should be isolated from/independed upon job markets. Although such a theory has not totally distaste (扭曲) or deformed (畸形) the whole picture. The interdependence between the two social elements must be emphasized.

　　否定：

　　①This argument goes against/to far facts and figures.

　　②This argument suffers formidable logic drawbacks/flows/fallacies in reasoning.

　　③Not only such a theory dubious in reasoning, but also it is misleading as far as…is concerned.

　　肯定：

　　④In fact the affirmative answer to this question is self-evident / well-supported / substantiated / championed.

　　⑤Much/Rich evidence in the course of human events lends/offers solid ground to this argument.

　　⑥

　　ⅢPoints 分析方法

　　(1)分类、外延

　　Examples: 06-8-12 The relationship between language and culture.

　　Language ①Listening & Speaking A1 ① Culture

　　②Reading & Writing A2 ②

　　③Switch (Translation) A3 ③

　　(2)Paragraph Fabric

　　①What

　　Topic sentence (1~2): ⅰ为判断句:Y/N Pro(正)/Con(反)

　　Outline the main idea of the whole paragraph ⅱ句法结构在正确的`基础上求复杂

　　ⅲ引出份论点

　　②Why(1~4)

　　ⅰ原因分析

　　ⅱ解释（时间、空间、定性、定量、下定义）

　　ⅲ具体化

　　ⅳ预测后果（正/反）

　　ⅴ论据（无法充分论证时使用）

　　a.试验、统计数据

　　Examples:

　　①statistics (pl.统计数据 statistic统计学) show that...

　　②a study/survey conducted/carried out by my university between 1997~20xx in my hometown shows that...

　　b.例子（ 生活 中的本民族的或自己的例子）

　　Examples:

　　①my own/in person experience in New York during 1998~20xx serves as a typical/convening/telling and moving (晓之以理，动之以情) example/a case in point

　　②history is rich in evidence supporting these, for/take China as a case in point

　　ⅵ原因句型

　　a.单一原因表达

　　①This phenomenon has been traditionally contributed to the fact that/a assumption that…

　　②The main reason ,as universally accepted on the stage of/in the field of…,is that…

　　b.双原因的表达

　　①This is partly because…, and partly because…

　　②This is more because…than because…

　　③Two major reasons are frequently acknowledged. For one thing…, for another (, still another…)/on one hand…, on the other hand…

　　c.解释句型

　　①this means that…

　　②put it in other words…

　　③put it simply…

　　④that is to say…

　　④implied in this assertion (说法)/rhetoric/theory/argument/statement is that…

　　Examples:

　　①06-8-12

　　To be familiar with/to a culture and its life style is essential (indispensable/vital) to the learning of language that expresses such a culture, especially as far as listening and speaking skills are concerned. This is because listening and speaking whatever the contents, occur in a specific social setting ( 社会 背景). But any social setting is subjected to (受…的制约) the culture and life style. For instance, “thank you” symbolizes that in the western civilization, happiness, liberty and life is (看作不同事物时用are，看作一系列事物时用is) highly emphasized. By contrast, “妈的” clearly shows that the traditional Chinese culture is characterized by “unhappy” rank-and-the-file (老百姓).

　　②05-4-16

　　The evolution of English into the global language has deeply reshaped the social and economic fabric/landscape. It is the language of English that bridges the east and the west, ending long period icy “cold times”(冷战). Moreover (过渡词) English accelerates/boosts the sustainable (可持续的) economic development in both developing and developed countries. In that (=because) it creates immense/massive job markets, helping a myriad (=a lot of) of those who would otherwise be unemployed. In addition, in terms of international relationship, English has remarkably united isolated nations with striking different political ideas.

　　Ⅳ常见的Topics

　　(1)Governor

　　政府应该怎样花钱

　　Useful words:

　　①eradicate：根除

　　②eliminate：消除

　　(2)Environment

　　Useful words:

　　①environment=ecosystem=biota

　　②green house effect

　　③Ozone depletion：臭氧层消耗

　　④Water and soil erosion：水土流失

　　⑤irrigation：灌溉

　　⑥chemical fertilize, pesticide

　　⑦global warming

　　⑧glacier：冰川 sea level

　　⑨habited：栖息地 biodiversity：生物多样性

　　(3)Education

　　Useful words;

　　①scientific

　　②humanities

　　③pure art

　　(4)分析层面

　　①Physical health

　　②Psychological balance

　　③Career development survive

　　thrive

　　④Academic achievement

　　⑤Ethic & Moral, Aesthetic value

　　Example:

　　06-9-23

　　To be committed oneself to (投身于) the well-being of a community in which this very individual survives and thrives virtually benefits the development not only of the society as a whole, but, more vital of the specific person. Volunteer jobs build the physical health of young adults in that both out-door and in-door jobs demands more physical exercise than classroom learning. In addition, such jobs construct/foster (培养) their moral and ethic values, and the aesthetic tastes as well. Why? It is easy to understand. Through doing unpaid jobs for the sack of others, young adults understand the quintessence （本质 quint：第五；essence：本质）of life: to give rather than to receive and get.

　　Furthermore, the positive impacts harvested from the young volunteers go far beyong the development of each volunteer on the community or society as a whole, they are brilliant, colorful, and significant. For one thing, volunteer jobs directly generate profits to the community, contributing to the economic development. Statistics indicate that my community, on average, gleans（收获）more than ~$ annually from volunteer jobs.

　　For another, volunteer jobs generally focus on environmental protection/campaign against environmental pollution.

　　To sum up/conclude/In conclusion, it is beneficial for young people, including juveniles and adolescences/puberty to do volunteer jobs. But, I cast a skeptical eye on (=suspect) the argument that all young people must do volunteer jobs, because it might be harmful to some individuals or families.

　　Ⅴ图表题

　　首段为信息段，说明研究的时间、地点、内容和对象。

　　Examples:

　　①06-1-14

　　This graph shows /gives the information that three stages involved in recycling of the Used Glass Bottles.

　　The first stage is rather simple. UGBs are put into rubbish cans, from which they can be moved/shipped by trucks to factories.

　　The second stage, however, seems to be somewhat complex/sophisticated in that it consists of several/numerous specific steps. To begin with, UGBs are washed by HPW. After this, they are classified according to color into 3 groups: G, B and C. Then each group UGBs are broken into tiny pieces which are melted/heated in the furnace. From the furnace comes liquid glass. Together with new liquid, this glass liquid is next moulded into new glass bottles. Here ends the second stag.

　　In the third stage, newly abreacted bottles are fulfilled with consumer goods. And they are packed and transported into supermarkets, where a new cycle begins.

　　Clearly, through these stages, UGBs have been well reused. However, how much glass can not be recycled is unavailable only on the basis of this graph.

　　②03-9-6

　　This picture reveals the differences/dissimilarities in…between CC and WC.

　　The main difference is in window design. In CC, the window is not set towards to the direction of the sun. But in WC, one room is equipped with 2 windows built two opposite aspects. During day time, windows are closed and covered. At night, however, they are open making ventilation possible so that the store heat can be removed.

　　Another difference is in roof style which CC cares for/demands HA roofs. WC roofs have over-hang pasts designed to form shade.

　　Still another difference is the materials. In CC, the interior walls are of thermos-building material. By contrast, the exterior walls are constructed with insulation: the roof uses heat-storage and heat-loss-reduction material. Nevertheless, roof in WC adopts/employees

　　external and internal insulation. Besides, reflection materials are utilized.

　　To sum (up)/To conclude, WC and CC are not the same in terms of house-design.

　　③03-9-20

　　Two possible sites for the supermarket are marked in the graph, which also indicates the potential pros and cons of each of the two: S1 and S2.

　　④剑3 P50

　　This bar chat illustrates the sum/the amount of money spent by each of the four countries in the each of the six kinds of consumer goods.

　　British eclipses/dwarfs/out number/out way/surpass the other three nations in terms of the amount of money understudy.

　　[⑴None out neighs Britain as far as the sum of money is concerned.

　　⑵Britain ranks next to none in terms of….]

　　Precisely, P.F. costs Britain about …, the maximum. PC by contrast, ranks…in the list of British spending.

　　In 1, 2 and 3, the money spent by France is lower than that by other countries. Similarly, German spends the least in 5 and 6. Put it in details…

托福综合写作更加重视考生审题的能力，总结归纳的能力，逻辑思维的能力，因此托福综合写作备考技巧就要有的放矢才能够更好地准备。

托福综合写作要求

　　我们先简单摘要综合作文题的题目要求中的若干重点信息。

　　lRead a passage about an academic topic and listen to a lecture about the same topic写作考试前，考生需要阅读一篇250单词左右的文章和听一篇相同题材、类似长度的听力材料;

　　lA question about the relation between the lecture and the reading passage考生需要书写一篇文章以说明该阅读材料和听力材料之间的关系;

　　lUse information from the reading passage and the lecture but no personal opinion考生在写作过程中应合理的使用听力和阅读材料中的信息并不得加入个人的意见和观点;

　　lBe judged on the quality of your writing and on the completeness and accuracy of the content考生文章的优劣评判将基于其行文的质量和文章内容的完整和准确性。

　　从上述的题目要求中我们不难看出，综合类作文的考察要点在于总结归纳summarize和改写rewrite两个方面。所谓总结归纳的能力也就是说考察方希望考生能够在规定的时间内掌握一定长度和一定难度的阅读和听力材料中所涉及到的重点信息和论证结构;而所谓的改写能力则要求考生将两部分材料中的重点信息和论证方式用新的语言和结构系统进行展示和归纳。因此，要想将综合类作文完整并准确的完成，考生需要提高的也即使这两个方面的能力。

材料信息总结归纳能力的提高方法

　　对于题目中给出的阅读和听力材料，特别是听力材料，考生需要在很短的时间内把握其重点信息和论证方法，这是综合写作的第一个难点。但由于涉及的题材都是一些学术的文章和报道，所以在归纳方面还是有一定的规律可循，考生如能掌握以下重点并多加练习，必能攻破这一难关。

　　首先，阅读的部分往往来源于一些学术类的文章，因此其内容和结构往往都有很好的逻辑性和完整性，往往文章的首句会提出文章的谈论背景和对象，并紧跟其后提出文章的主题，而接下来的文字则会围绕这个主题展开一些细节性的话题。同时，文章的最后一段也会有重点的观点和信息，也是考生重点要把握的部分。而在段落中间，一般情况下，学术类文章采取归纳式(先进行论证或举例子后总结观点)和讨论式(以主题句开头后面进行论证)的模式，同时考生应该要多注意表示转折、因果关系和总结性的连接词，把握了这些内容，对于考生掌握阅读材料的重点信息和结构有很大的帮助。

　　其次对于听力材料，这是综合类写作过程中的难点，但考生在已经理解了阅读材料的基础上，对于听力材料的主题就已经有了一定的把握，因此考生需要将听力的重点放在判断听力文章的观点和阅读文章的观点的比较上，是互相支持还是互相对立，支持或对立的观点分别用哪些论证手段和实例来证明。但是，由于听力材料不会再次出现，因此考生一定要在听力过程中过好笔记，记住关键性的句子和词语，为此建议考生平时多做相关听力资料的听取和笔记练习。

综合作文的行文结构

　　在总结了听力和阅读材料的重点信息之后，如何能够将其相关性清晰并准确的表达出来，则是综合类作文写作成功的第二步，这里就涉及到如何能够使用具有较强逻辑性和完整的文章结构。对此，建议考生可以自己制定相关的写作思维模板，将文章如何分段及每一段具体表达哪些信息固定下来，并反复练习，这样既可以保证文章的质量，又可以在实际的考试过程中节约构思和思考的时间。

　　而在构建写作思维模板的时候，考生可以从以下几个方面去考虑：

　　第一段需要将听力和阅读材料的核心内容展示出来并点明两者观点是否相互支持抑或者相互对立;

　　第二段也即是主体段落可以分为几个小段，分别从各个不同的角度总结并得出两篇文字材料相互支持或者对立的证据;

　　最后一段结尾段可总结一下主要的论证对象并重申两份材料对于该论证对象的主要看法，在这一段构思过程中一定要注意，切忌加入自己对这一问题的看法和观点。

　　对于一些固定的表达，如“听力材料就某某问题主要从某个角度展开了论证”、“首先，对于阅读材料中提出的某某观点，在听力材料中用反例的方法提出了质疑”、“最后，对于阅读材料中的某一观点，听力材料通过几个方面的细化进行了支持性的论证”等等在写作过程中必用的表达，考生应该事先就做好准备，而不应该在考试时才去匆忙思考

综合写作实质上就是“一篇阅读+一段听力+总结”。

开头给你3分钟看下给出的阅读材料，之后听一篇听力，最后总结下听力和阅读都说了什么，以及它们之间的逻辑关系是什么。

以下是综合写作的笔记图，整张草稿纸分成两半，左半部分是reading部分，右半部分是listening部分。

3分钟阅读开始后，这三分钟里我们要做的事情就是尽可能快的从这三百个字左右的文章里提炼出各部分的核心内容。

主要要记的内容包括main idea、supporting idea，以及evidence。

一般第一段我们得出了reading的main idea，算是文章主旨。然后从接下来的三段中我们会得到三个supporting idea去支持main idea，而针对每个supporting idea我们又会有几个或多个evidence去支持它。

listening是个逻辑性，针对性很高的东西，reading怎么证明它自己的supporting idea是对的，listening就针对它提出的supporting idea以及支持这些supporting idea的evidence一个一个地反驳，反驳后还要自己另外加上一些evidence来支持反驳的正确性。