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英语资料

时间: 2021-07-02 19:27:11 | 作者：FAlawPerson | 来源: 喜蛋文章网 | 编辑: admin | 阅读: 107次

英语资料

第九部分.作文训练

一、记叙文的思路与练习

1）记叙文

以叙述人物的经历和事物的发展变化过程为主要表现形式的一种文体。记叙文既可以以写人为主，又可以以写事为主。写记叙文要注意记叙文的“六大要素”即：

时间（When）—— 何时发生，有没有具体时间？

地点（Where）—— 何地发生，有没有地点变化？

人物（Who）—— 何人参与，谁是主角？

事件（What）—— 发生了什么，有何特点？

原因（Why）—— 事件的起因？

结果（How）—— 事件的经过及结局？

一般说来，在一篇记叙文中这六大要素是缺一不可的。

记叙文的思路就围绕这六大要素充分展开。

【例】四级考试中，只出现过一次专门的记叙文体裁的写作，即“An Early Morning Walk”（1988.6.），2003年6月出现过包含记叙文的作文，即“An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident”。

对于“An Early Morning Walk”，知道命题要求后，我们就要开始构思了。

When：题目已规定了是“清晨”，在这个时候，“我”去散步。

Where：到哪儿散步？去公园？在校园里？在街上（街上空气不好，还是不去！）。

Who：在公园里看到晨练的人：中老年人、年轻人、小孩子；在校园里看到读书背单词的学生。

What：人们热火朝天地做操，随音乐跳舞，打球，等等。

Why：清晨空气清新，适合锻炼；一日之际在于晨，背背书，读读单词。

当然，由这个题目可以令人想到很多东西，因篇幅所限，我们做了删减。

2）参考范文

An Early Morning Walk

One morning I got up very early, and everything around was very quiet. The sun had just risen, shining brilliantly and everything seemed to be covered with a layer of golden silk. There were only some birds singing occasionally in the tall trees. I strolled along the street toward the park, breathing the fresh air and feeling extremely happy.

When I arrived at the park, I found, to my surprise, that there were so many people there. Men and women, boys and girls, all were enjoying themselves in their various activities. Some were doing morning exercises, some were playing badminton and some old people were having their tea while talking to each other cheerfully.

I wandered around the park. To my delight, I found a few middle-school students talking to each other in English in one corner of the park. I went up and spoke to them in English. We soon became friends. I was very glad to find another opportunity to practice my spoken English. On the way home, I realized that an early morning walk really was good and healthful. Taking early morning walks makes one healthy and wise.

【点评】文章按照时间顺序（in chronological order），第一句话点明时间(One morning)、人物(第一人称“I”)，并简要描述了早晨的特点（What was the setting），接着第二段第一句话交代地点（in the park），然后介绍公园里人们及作者的活动（What was happening），最后在文章结尾点题，即，归纳中心思想——Taking early morning walks makes one healthy and wise. 仅仅189个单词既满足了记叙文的“六大要素”，又有明确的中心思想和生动的细节，行文方式符合要求。

1. 以“A Most Unlucky Day”为题，想想该怎么写。注意：题目的中心词是“unlucky”。

When， Where， Who， What， Why:， How。

参考思路

When：哪一天是最倒霉的日子？考前的晚上？公布成绩的日子？周末？

Where：在大街上违章停车？在学校？在商场？在经常光顾的地方——食堂、餐厅、麦当劳、图书馆、溜冰场、投影厅？

Who：是我倒霉？是好友？你？那个蛋白质室友？

What：拿到罚单？上课上班迟到？失恋？被窃？四级没过？

Why：倒霉嘛，无非是运气不好，睡过头了、态度恶劣、偷懒、不刻苦…

How：一团糟，挨批，心情极度沮丧，不过也无所谓嘛…

想完之后，我们再花点儿功夫将关联的东东挑出来，别忘了本文的中心是“unlucky”。

根据自己的思路，写一篇文章：

参考范文

A Most Unlucky Day

I had a streak of tough luck yesterday. Everything, it seemed to me, went wrong. And I simply couldn’t understand why all the bad things happened to me in one single day.

In the morning, as luck would have it, my alarm clock didn’t ring, and with an aching head I woke up half an hour later than usual. I was in such a hurry that, when making an omelet, I got my fingers burnt and splashed the omelet all over the floor of the kitchen.

Having no time for my breakfast at that point, I rushed out of my house with an empty stomach and hurting fingers. I had intended to catch the 7:30 subway, but somehow I couldn’t make it. I became very nervous at the mere thought of being late for my English class, because my English teacher is very strict and demanding, and he gets angry whenever any student is late for his class.

After getting off the 7:40 subway, I raced all the way from the station to my school, thinking it would be impossible for me to flag a taxi at this hour of the day. At the corner of the street near my school, I abruptly bumped into a man and, worse luck, broke the glasses I had bought for 500 yuan just last week. With scarcely any time to receive or offer an apology, I just kept on running and running. At long last, I arrived at the school only to find, with great sadness mixed with some relief, that the school was empty and the classrooms were all locked. It was Saturday.

My ill luck showed no sign of coming to an end. When I returned home greatly frustrated, I found myself locked out. In my hurry I had forgotten to bring the key with me. Just my luck!

【点评】这篇文章按照时间顺序一气呵成。文章的标题、第一句和最后一句都点出了中心思想：“I had a most unlucky day”。故事从作者醒来开始，在慌慌张张中煎蛋卷、赶地铁、急奔学校、撞破眼镜、发现白忙乎了一场，最后猛然清醒——匆忙之中忘了钥匙！整个故事描述得精彩生动，既有动作的细节又有作者内心的感受，让读者也身临其境地体会了倒霉的一天。

A: 根据以下提示叙述一场交通事故：1）用第一人称；2）短语提示：drive home at about 30 kilometers an hour；it was dark；a small girl chased a dog；not hit her but hit a car in the other direction3）写出作者对此交通意外的感想。

参考范文

Last night I was driving home from work. I had an accident. I was following behind a truck, driving at about 30 kilometers an hour. I was watching the traffic carefully because it was getting dark.

Suddenly a small girl ran onto the road from the left. She was chasing a dog and she wasn’t paying any attention to the traffic. I immediately applied the brakes and turned the steering wheel quickly to the right.

The girl jumped towards the side of the road as soon as she saw my car. Fortunately I did not hit her, but I hit a car coming in the other direction. Luckily I was not driving very fast so the damage was not serious. It is better to damage a car than to injure a young child, I thought to myself.

B: 以第一人称写一篇记叙文，讲述在旅行中经历的一件小事。

参考范文

Go on a Mediterranean Journey

My wife and I have always enjoyed traveling by sea，and last year we decided to go on a Mediterranean journey. Although our holiday was rather expensive we thought that the high standard of accommodation, the first-class food and the many interesting places we saw were well worth the price we paid.

We found that most of the other passengers were friendly and interesting, but there was one man, a Mr. James, who irritated and annoyed us. Whatever subject we talked about, it seemed that he was an expert at it. He had, apparently, read more books, visited more countries and studied more languages, than anyone else had. After a few days, we ate our meals in silence, because nobody wanted to begin a conversation that would soon be taken over by this man.

Then my wife had an idea. She suggested that we might think of an unusual subject, look it up in an encyclopedia and then talk about it at dinner. If it were an unusual subject, Mr. James could not possibly know anything about it. The subject we chose was “English Agriculture in the Eleventh Century.” At dinner that night we discussed this subject with great enthusiasm. Mr. James was silent. We realized we had at last come to find something he knew nothing about.

二、说明文的思路与练习

说明文是用言简意赅的语言来介绍客观事物，讲清事理，并给人增加知识的一种文体。说明文解说事物的特点、发展变化规律，分析前因后果，目的在于使读者“明白事理”，获得必要的信息，对事物有个较完整明晰的了解和认识。说明文不同于记叙文和议论文，它重在给人介绍，让人明白，因而，轻“情义”重事实。说明文与议论文关系密切，有人将其统称为议论文。但在写作的目的和方法上两者仍有区别。说明文主要是通过事实客观地解释或说明事物本身；而议论文则以事实、数据等为证据，表明主观见解，使读者信服或赞同某一观点。

历年四级考试中的“How I Overcome Difficulties in Learning English”、“My Ideal Job”以及图表作文的第一段都属于说明文的范畴，如，2002年6月的根据坐标图写题为“Students Use of Computers”的作文。

说明文必须按一定的顺序进行说明：时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认识顺序，选择具体的特点和细节来说明。

所以，说明文的思路要围绕说明顺序、事物的特点和细节展开。例如：

范文点评

A Famous Clock

When you visit London, one of the first things you will see is Big Ben, the famous clock which can be heard all over the world on the B.B.C. If the Houses of Parliament had not been burned down in 1834, the great clock would never have been erected. Big Ben takes its name from Sir Benjamin Hall who was responsible for the making of the clock when the new Houses of Parliament were being built. It is not only of immense size, but is extremely accurate as well. Officials from Greenwich Observatory have the clock checked twice a day. On the B.B.C. you can hear the clock when it is actually striking because microphones are connected to the clock tower. Big Ben has rarely gone wrong. Once, however, it failed to give the correct time. A painter who had been working on the tower hung a pot of paint on one of the hands and slowed it down!

【点评】这是《新概念英语》中的一篇经典说明文，介绍了世界著名的“大本钟”。文章开篇指明该钟位于英国伦敦，且全世界的人们通过BBC就能够听到钟声。接下来讲述了“大本钟”的由来，特点——不仅外型巨大，而且走时准确，在结尾处讲了“大本钟”的一个幽默的小插曲——油漆工把油漆桶挂在指针上，把钟弄慢了。细读这篇文章，我们不难发现，区区159个单词就把“大本钟”的光辉形象牢牢地刻在读者的脑海里，为什么？本文基于事实，分析了主题的来龙去脉，语言简洁又不失生动贴切，作者态度客观又充满幽默，使读者既“明白了事理”，又对事物有较完整明晰的了解认识，此乃说明文之真谛也。

以“Goals”为题打开一篇说明文的思路。

参考思路

1）目标的分类：（可根据时间顺序，空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认识顺序，任选一个进行分类和排列）

2）各个类别的特点和细节：

3）组织成文：

范文点评

Goals

Everyone has goals. Many people do not reach their goals for lack of planning. These three sets of goals should be developed: lifetime, intermediate and short term.

Lifetime goals should be written out. These goals should be clear and reasonable. For instance, the goal to win a research prize is clear and measurable. Other lifetime goals might include publishing a certain number of influential books or articles, earning a departmental chairmanship at a major university, successfully competing for a grant from the National Science Foundation or securing a consultantship with a big corporation.

Intermediate goals relate to outcomes during the next few years. For the beginning doctoral student, intermediate goals may include completion of course work and preparation of a doctoral research proposal. Like lifetime goals, these are measurable and clearly stated.

Short-term goals involve outcomes expected during the next 12 months. These goals are more performance oriented, and they help with achievement of intermediate goals. Examples of short-term goals are earning an A in a course, learning how to program a computer or performing an experiment.

【点评】本文介绍了人生的三种目标：终生的、长期的和短期的目标。在文中采用了说明文常用的方法：定义、举例、分类和比较等。

对这些方法我们要了解并且掌握：

1. 定义法（definition）

定义法是用下定义的方式去揭示事物本质特征或概念内涵。它能使读者迅速抓住本质属性和基本特点。此法的句型：

① … is a/the … of … which/that …② … relate to/involve/refer to …

【例】

（1）Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols which is used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的语音符号体系。

（2）Intermediate goals relate to outcomes during the next few years.

（3）Short-term goals involve outcomes expected during the next 12 months.

2. 举例法（illustration）

举例法就是举出实际事例来说明事物的方法，是最常见，往往也是最有效的阐释模式。

专家提醒，举例时应挑选具体、典型且有能力表达清楚的例子，并注意按照一定的顺序编排。

请看上述范文第二段：“For instance”引出“lifetime goals”的实例，如，赢得研究奖金、出版有影响书或文章、获得大学的系主任职位、获得国家自然科学基金及大公司稳定的顾问职位。

3. 分类法（classification）

分类法就是把说明的对象，按一定的标准划分成不同类别分别加以说明的方法。如：上述范文介绍人生的三种目标，并按照时间的长短对终生目标、长期目标和短期目标做了分类说明。

4. 比较法（comparison）

比较法是用一个事物和与其有联系的其他事物加以对比的说明方法。目的是为了帮助读者准确地区分事物，通过对比达到对该事物的深刻认识。

如：上述范文对三种人生目标在时间上和实际操作上进行了比较，并阐明了彼此的联系。

（1）Lifetime goals should be written out.

（2）Like lifetime goals, these are measurable and clearly stated.

（3）These goals are more performance oriented, and they help with achievement of intermediate goals.

5. 数字法（statistics）

数字法是运用数据来表明事物的本质和特点，准确合理的数据使文章精确可信。

【例】

（1）Nearly half of all Americans over age 20 wear a bridge or denture，and more than 20 percent have complete upper and lower denture. By age 50, one out of every two persons has gum disease.

（2）And it seems sensible to wait. One quarter of all marriages between people under twenty-one end in divorce. In Britain in 1972, there were 124,248 divorces.

说明文的说明方法除上面介绍的常见的几种以外，还有诸如分项法、列举法、比喻法及引用法等，只有综合运用多种说明方法，才能多角度、多层次地全面、清晰、准确地展示客观事物的本来面貌。

6. 借助说明文的构思方法，看看下列题目该如何写：

（1）The Layout of a Hospital

Direction: You are asked to write a composition about “The Layout Of a Hospital”. Locate some important departments in the hospital based on the picture and information given below. Your compositions should be no less than 100 words.

1）the Emergency Department

2）the Out-patient Department

3）the Surgery Department

4）Dispensary/Pharmacy

5）Physician Department

6）the Eye, Ear, and Throat Department

7）the Dental Department

8）the Laboratory

9）the X-ray Department

10）the Administrative Building

11）the Ward

参考范文

Near the gate, on the west side of the road is the Emergency Department. Opposite the Emergency Department across the Main Road is the Out-patient Department. The building to the southwest of the lake is the Dispensary, which faces the Surgery Department lying on the other side of the road. Along the west wall, from south to north, stand three buildings: the Physician Department, the Eye, Ear, and Throat Department, and the Dental Department. The Laboratory is to the northwest of the round about, and beside the Laboratory, the X-ray Department is located on the same side of the road.

A winding road by the lake leads to the Ward. Near the end of the main road, the Administrative Building is situated on the east side. The hospital is nicely and conveniently laid out.

1. How to Lose Weight

思路提示：第一段先综述现象：大家都想保持身材要求减肥。第二段介绍多余的体重在身体中形成的原因。第三段提出相应的减肥方法。在最后一段，提出总结性的看法，指出减肥的要诀就是：减少摄入的卡路里，通过运动增加卡路里的消耗量。

参考范文

How to Lose Weight

A beautiful and healthy figure is everyone’s dream. However, not everyone can easily fulfill this dream. Overweight people often have to find precise ways to lose weight.

For normal healthy people, weight is gained by taking in more calories than the body needs. Therefore, if you want to lose weight, you either have to eat fewer calories or find ways to use up more calories you take in. Dieting is probably the most popular way of losing weight, because when on a diet, you are taking fewer calories.

However, the body needs many elements in order to stay healthy, and “fad” or starvation diets are bad because they are not nutritiously balanced. A better way of dieting is to keep track of everything you eat, either by your own careful choices or by buying, for a week at a time, the packaged meals sold by some diet companies. If you do not normally exercise, you should also begin sensible exercises for your age and lifestyle to help your body use up surplus calories.

In short, a combined effort of reducing the calories you eat and using up more calories than usual through exercises should help you shed off part of your body.

三、议论文的思路与练习（1）

议论文又称论说文，是一种既常见又十分重要的文体。在四级作文考试中运用得最多。议论文通常采用摆事实讲道理的方式，围绕着某一个有争议的观点展开论证，陈述各种理由，表明作者立场、阐明作者观点看法。在文章中要明确地表明赞成什么、反对什么，用词不能模棱两可，必须明确肯定。议论文的三要素是论点、论据和论证，其中论点要鲜明，论据要合理、恰当、充分，论证过程要逻辑严密。

关于记叙文的思路打开，我这里推荐几种方法：

1. 生活化细节联想法

针对大多数相对抽象不好下手的作文题目，我们可以先把作文题同自身联系到一起，把抽象、概括的作文题细化到自己身边，先打开一个突破口，再顺藤摸瓜，进行发散式联想。请看例子：

What are your opinions about the advantages and disadvantages of fast food?

题目的主体是快餐，方向为利弊处。先不要考虑快餐是好是坏，而应该先考虑你身边的、你知道的快餐究竟有哪些，这些快餐给你或你的家人带来了哪些影响。请看一位同学记录下来的思路。请注意其跳跃性。

① 遍地都是麦当劳、肯德基、永和豆浆、馄饨、油条。

② 每次老爸不在家时，我吃鸡腿汉堡，快，省事、省时间。不用买菜，切菜，做菜，蒸饭，洗碗，擦桌子。

不过还是老爸做的饭好吃，吃麦当劳吃不饱。为什么呢？油少，没营养！

③ 永和24小时，但东西贼贵，晚上避风的好地方，粥还行，油条，烂！

④ 麦当劳小孩多，因为玩具多，电视上有很多他们的广告，小孩又哭又笑，学鸡叫的那个广告特傻，……儿童乐园。

⑤ 还是太贵。在美国，垃圾食品，到了中国，特火！洋货？老爸不爱吃汉堡，因有奶酪。不符合中国人的口味，农民就不喜欢，中国有8亿农民……

（为了方便大家阅读，我们在录入时加入了一半字数）

大家不妨问问自己两个问题：

——上面的东西不够写120字吗？

——上面的东西用英文表达难吗？

答案是否定的。试想，有了这个思路，无论怎么写，从哪一个方面写，我们都不缺观点和支持观点的细节性论据。

写下你对下列题目在生活中的联想（中英文混写）

1) Harmfulness of Fake Commodities

2) the Influence of the Internet

2. 逆向思维联想法

有一些题目从正面不好罗列素材，总结观点，我们可以从命题的对立面去思考问题，这样往往可以达到意想不到的收获。如果问题是一个东西有什么样的好处，也许这个东西是日常生活中常见的东西，我们早已对其失去了敏感，这个时候不妨想一想如果失去了这个东西，我们的生活会受到哪些影响。试举一例：

In 1995, an Englishman killed a burglar who broke into his house. He was sentenced. Do you think he should be sentenced? How can we protect our property?

文章的关键在于How can we protect our properties？（我们如何保护自己的财产？）对于大多数同学来讲，对财产的概念还不清楚，谈何保护措施？于是，从反面破题，从我们周围的盗窃想起，请看一位同学的草稿：

① 前两天，丢了钱包，bus上，小偷走了，才有人告诉我，社会公德真有问题。

② 学校的7台电脑CPU丢了，小偷从窗户爬进去的。学校3年都不修，宿舍经常丢鞋、丢衣服。

③ 家里与房地产开发公司打官司，合同有问题。

④ 警察现在都不管事，出了问题才来，没出问题，懒得理你，防患于未然。

（为了方便阅读，我们把草稿上的英语译成了汉语）

有了上面的几个问题，综合分析保护个人财产的措施也就不难得出了，个人、单位、社会、国家都应采取相应的措施，而论证过程可以从草稿中总结说理，也可以按照草稿上的思路举反例论证。

总之，在拓展思维时，一定要避免定向的、大而空的思维模式，应尽量把作文题目大处化小，小处化细，细处才可见真情。

从事物的反面考虑下列题目，写下浮现在你脑海中的词句：

1) Advantages of a Harmonious Family

2) The importance of fresh drinking water

四、议论文的思路与练习（2）

分类思考法

为了尽快地帮助同学们在尽可能短的时间里熟悉四级作文的命题思路，以及在短时间内能够找到合适的论述理由，我们通过分析历年四级考试真题并研究了命题方向，在此基础上总结了四级作文通用的十大思考方向，很多题目要求考生分析某一现象发生原因或可能产生的影响，我们不妨从以下十个方向进行思考，打开思路：

1) 方便：convenient, convenience

相关话题：computer, internet，出外吃饭，电话，城市生活，例如：

The Internet is far more convenient and efficient than the written word or other conventional means of conveying meaning.

Advertisements can bring convenience to people’s lives.

Modern means of transportation make it very convenient for people to travel far or near, thus saving a lot of time and energy.

2) 效率：efficient, efficiently, efficiency

相关话题：计算机和高科技（high-tech devices）减轻了体力劳动（manual labor），解放了人类（liberate humans），让人们有更多的时间从事其他的事情（more time are spent on other necessary matters）等，例如：

Advertisements build an efficient and direct link between manufacturers and customers.

Modern science and technology make our lives more efficient. A phone call, an e-mail or a fax can all bring people closer and make the world smaller.

3) 节省和浪费：save time, save money, save space, economical, frugal, frugality; thrift, thrifty waste timemoneyspace, costly, time-consuming, lavish, 例如：

This will help them realize that it is not easy to make money and form the good habit of frugality.

There are many other ways for people to know commodities, so it is a waste to invest large sums of money in making advertisements on TV.

As for the young and middle-aged, they should make better use of their prime years instead of spending so much time raising pets.

It’s a costly and time-consuming hobby. China is a developing country and many people are still below the poverty line. Some children of the right age in poverty-stricken areas can’t afford to go to school.

… will be great extravagance of time, energy and money.

4) 心理与性格：mental health, spiritual health, psychological health, personality, character

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