19、20世纪的美国文学
19、20世纪的美国文学在世界文学的地位是什么样的?rn美国文学在全世界文学领域占多大的权重呢?美大陆土地广袤、物产丰富,很早以来印第安人便在这里开拓劳作、繁衍生息,创造了富于民族特色的文化及文学,但是这些民间口头文学并未受到后来的欧洲移民的足够重视,在美国文化中未能留下多少印痕。美国文学从根子上说还是一种深受欧洲传统文化影响的文学。然而,移民们的开拓精神和自由思想使他们很快突破了欧洲文化的藩篱,形成了以民主自由、个人主义为核心观念的新文学,建国以后的美国依然是个多民族的国家,文化的多元性和民族的进取心使美国文学呈现出纷繁丰茂、日新月异的局面。
开国前后,富兰克林(1706-1790)等人的散文作品,或委婉深沉,或幽默俏皮,或简洁刚健,是美国文学的雏形。进入19世纪以后,美国文学得到长足发展,涌现出一批具有国际影响的作家。前期主要是浪漫主义文学,后期则以现实主义文学为主。
美国的浪漫主义文学既植根于本土新兴资产阶级的理想主义和探索热情,也受到欧洲浪漫主义思潮的巨大影响,发展迅速,是西方浪漫主义文学不容忽视的组成部分。美国的浪漫主义文学一般分为前后两个时期。前期的代表性作家有欧文、库珀、布莱恩特和爱伦·坡等,后期的代表作家有爱默生、梭罗、霍桑、梅尔维尔和惠特曼等。前期文学和后期文学在题材、主题、人物和风格等方面既有延续性,更有差异和区别。前期文学,题材多为民间传奇、田园风情、殖民地开发与争夺,主题多为惊叹社会的巨大变革、赞美勇敢机智的人格力量、向往人与自然和人与人之间的永恒和谐,人物多为民间的喜剧性形象和理想化的英雄好汉,风格多为幽默诙谐、粗犷豪放。后期文学,题材较前有所拓展,诸如世外桃源、海上历险、道德与感情的冲突等成为新的令人关注的话题;主题则在强调人的直觉、情感和无穷潜力与提倡皈依宗教、克己禁欲、坚持道德操守之间摇摆不定;人物在保持传奇性的基础上,呈现出复杂矛盾、幽秘深邃的人格内涵;风格则因作家的个性特征更加明显而难以概括,大体上已从前期的豪迈洒脱逐渐转向奇崛深奥,具有浓厚的神秘悲怆的色调。
欧文(1783-1859)是美国第一个享有国际声誉的作家。他的第一部重要作品《纽约外史》嘲讽了荷兰殖民者的统治方式和荒谬的殖民主义偏见,赢得欧美作家和读者的广泛好评。代表作《见闻札记》(1820)是一部随笔、速写和短篇故事的合集,风格幽默诙谐,文笔雅致,往往将奇妙的幻想和精确的写实糅为一体。其中的《瑞普·凡·温克尔》被认为是美国短篇小说的肇始之作。库珀(1789-1851)的创作取材于美国民族的历史传说和现实生活,其中尤以描写西部开发和争夺殖民地战争的边疆小说《皮袜子故事集》最为著名。库珀的小说风格质朴雄奇,情节曲折复杂,引人入胜。《最后的莫希干人》(1826)是《皮袜子故事集》五部曲中最脍炙人口的一部,其中绰号“皮袜子”的猎人纳蒂·班波具有史诗英雄式的道德勇气和非凡本领,是美国文学史上一个著名的形象。布莱恩特(1794-1878)是一位擅长描写自然风光的诗人。他的诗风酷似英国诗人华兹华斯,常在日常平凡的生活和田园景物的启示下得到人生的感悟,主要诗作有《水鸟》、《非洲酋长》等。他的诗论对后世的美国诗歌创作具有重大影响。
爱伦·坡(1809-1849)在早期浪漫主义作家中不同凡响。他的创作涉及多种文体,尤以诗歌与小说著称。他的诗歌理论和创作都具有唯美倾向,认为“诗是美的有节奏的创造”,强调音乐性、朦胧性和整体统一性。代表作有《乌鸦》(1845)、《安娜贝尔·李》等,这些诗篇以舒缓回旋的韵律、奇特别致的意象表现沉郁悲哀的悼亡情绪,达到了形式与内容的有机统一。他的诗作和诗论在当时的美国未能受到足够的重视,却被后来欧洲象征派诗人奉为圭臬。爱伦·坡一生写了近70篇短篇小说,从类型和风格看,大致可分为恐怖小说和推理小说两类。前一类小说深受德国霍普曼和英国哥特式小说影响,情节诡异、气氛神秘、人物怪诞,但都能用一种幽默调侃的笔调,消解恐怖紧张的氛围,求得审美心理上的平衡感。其代表作有《厄舍古屋的倒塌》和《黑猫》等。后一类小说以破案为主要内容,破案者往往凭借科学知识和严密的逻辑推理侦破案件。其代表作有《莫格街谋杀案》和《失窃的信件》等。这类小说的侦破方式和人物类型常被后世的侦探小说所效仿,爱伦·坡因此被认作西方侦探小说的鼻祖。
美国后期浪漫主义文学的发展与19世纪30、40年代兴起的“超验主义”思潮有密切关系。超验主义受到康德先验论哲学和欧洲自由主义思想的影响,认为大自然内蕴着终极真理,每一种自然现象都是某种精神的象征,人凭借着直觉就能感悟宇宙精神,而不必依靠传统的诗歌、哲学等历史文献的教谕,人在一定的范围里就是上帝,应该充分信赖自身的智慧和力量。超验主义从思想根源看,是一种人本主义思潮,它所针对的是资本主义社会的物质至上、拜金主义和庸人哲学,具有积极的时代意义。因它受先验论、泛神论思想影响,也带有神秘主义的色彩。
美国不少浪漫主义作家的作品中都浸淫着超验主义崇尚自我、解放个性的思想。爱默生(1803-1882)是超验主义的首倡者,他组织“超验主义俱乐部”,发表了一系列散文,宣传超验主义思想,重要的有《论自然》(1836)、《论自助》、《神学院致辞》等。他的思想影响了梭罗、霍桑、麦尔维尔和惠特曼等一代浪漫主义作家。梭罗(1817-1862)是超验主义的实践者,曾在瓦尔登湖畔林间独自居住了两年多,期间他把大部分时间都用来散步和沉思,他把自己从大自然得来的启示和对人生真谛的思索写进了《瓦尔登湖》(1854),这部风格独特、思想深刻的散文名作对后世影响巨大。
朗费罗(1807-1882)从古老的印第安神话传说中汲取养料,创作了美国文学史上第一部派生史诗《海华沙之歌》(1855),塑造了一个印第安民族文化超人的动人形象。麦尔维尔(1819-1891)则擅长航海、冒险、异域的题材,代表作《白鲸》(1851)具有史诗般的气势和悲剧的崇高美,作品以一次艰巨悲壮的捕鲸经历喻示了善与恶、人与自然的斗争的永恒性。
自19世纪20年代起,美国社会反对蓄奴制的呼声日益高涨,废奴文学也应运而生。废奴文学站在反对蓄奴制度的进步立场上,描写黑奴的非人生活,揭露奴隶主压迫奴隶的残暴行为,批评蓄奴制的野蛮性和反动性,推动了废奴运动的发展,并为美国批判现实主义的繁荣奠定了基础。废奴文学的代表性作家有斯托夫人(1811-1896)和希尔德烈斯(1807-1865)他们的代表作分别是《汤姆叔叔的小屋》和《白奴》。
南北战争结束后,美国资本主义得到长足发展,同时贫富差距扩大,社会中不满情绪增长,文学的批判意向也随之强化,在废奴文学和乡土文学的现实主义传统的影响下,批判现实主义取代浪漫主义成为美国文学的主流。豪威尔斯、欧·亨利、诺里斯、克莱恩和杰克·伦敦等,都是这一流派的重要作家。
豪威尔斯(1837-1920)是美国批判现实主义的奠基者,代表作《赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹》(1885)塑造了一个以道德、信用立身的美式资本家。欧·亨利(1862-1910)是著名的短篇小说作家,多描写小人物的悲喜剧,风格诙谐中有感伤,结尾精妙警策。代表作有《最后一片藤叶》、《警察与赞美诗》等。诺里斯(1870-1902)在《章鱼》里描写了垄断资本在高速发展中肆意侵夺农民财富的罪行。克莱恩(1871-1900)的心理现实主义小说《红色英勇勋章》使他在美国文学中独树一帜。杰克·伦敦(1876-1916)的作品深受社会达尔文主义的影响,长于描写在弱肉强食的险恶环境中个人奋斗者的坚毅顽强的性格。他的中篇小说《荒野的呼唤》以动物间的殊死搏斗喻示资本主义社会的丛林原则的残酷性,代表作《马丁·伊登》(1909)以个人奋斗者的悲剧命运揭示了市侩哲学和商业文化对有才华的美国青年的压制残害,率先涉及了“美国梦”幻灭的主题。
在这一时期的美国文学中,黑人作家契斯纳特(1858-1932)和杜波依斯(1868-1963)的创作具有鲜明的反种族主义特征和民主倾向,令人注目。此外,女诗人狄更生(1830-1888)的诗作意象生动明彻、富于哲理,深受20世纪英美意象派诗人的推崇
不知道你是想大体了解一下呢还是要写论文。写论文的话你就参考一下他们从网上复制的吧,要是大体了解一下的话,我可以发表我的意见。由于美国的主流文化主要是英国清教徒的文化传承下来的,不可避免的会传承一些英国的思想,美国文学早期也是由英国文学而来,还多早期作家都是用的英国的文学思想,并没有多少创新。但是随着美国独立意识的觉醒,更多的作家要求文学上的独立,美国文学开始从英国文学里独立出来,成为真正意义上的的美国文学!自此,美国名家辈出,与英国文学不相上下。到现在为止,美国文学和英国文学在世界文学中占着极其重要的分量!这也是为什么近现代诺贝尔文学奖多出自英美。
http://cache.baidu.com/c?m=9f65cb4a8c8507ed4fece763105392230e54f72968848c5028888448e4391b145a38a6a662630d4596d87f6302ad485bfdf04128715c7ea3de95c81cd2b8993f2ff92736671df65663a00edec95155b037e12cfeae69f0caf725e2a8c5d2af4322cb4474789780804d7467dd6e80034094b1e84e022913ad9e3572fe29605f993436c550f890251f749687df4b3cb53da7640696df22c14905c415b369183337a55bb078465637f73e21e8454d13e2ec4a91206e3154a138c3&p=8062d70485cc45eb08e294741364&user=baidu一篇论文,对“理论热”消退后美国文学研究的思考
请参考http://emuch.net/journal/article.php?id=CJFDTotal-SDWY200604021放心无毒
瑞普·凡·温克尔
瑞普·凡·温克尔的中文简介,简单一点的。谢谢 《瑞普·凡·温克尔》(Rip Van Winkle)是美国作家华盛顿·欧文(Washington Irving,1783—1859)创作的著名短篇小说。
《瑞普·凡·温克尔》的背景是荷兰殖民地时期的美国乡村。瑞普为人热心,靠耕种一小块贫瘠的土地养家糊口。有一天,他为了躲避唠叨凶悍的妻子,独自到附近的赫德森河畔兹吉尔山上去打猎。他遇到当年发现这条河的赫德森船长及其伙伴,在喝了他们的仙酒后,就睡了一觉。醒后下山回家,才发现时间已过了整整二十年,人世沧桑,一切都十分陌生。原本闭塞的山村现在一片沸腾,到处是演说、传单、竞选。恍惚中,瑞普发现酒店招牌上英王乔治的画像变了。红色的上衣变成了蓝黄色,手中的王笏变成宝剑,头冠三角帽,下面是“华盛顿将军”的字眼。瑞普终于知道,他现在已由英王的臣民变为“合众国的一个自由的公民”。对所有这些变化,瑞普无动于衷,因为他最担心的是“女人的专政”。
这篇小说乡土风味浓郁,充满浪漫主义奇想,流露出作者本人的保守观点,也巧妙暗示了资产阶级革命的局限。
华盛顿·欧文的另一篇短篇小说《睡谷的传说》(The legend of the Sleepy Hollow)与《瑞普·凡·温克尔》堪称姊妹篇,影响较广。在这些以荷兰殖民地时期的乡村为背景的故事里,欧文用轻快、幽默和带有浪漫色彩的笔调把朴实敦厚、知足常乐的民风展示给读者。作品含蓄地讽刺了殖民地时期陈规陋习和当时唯利是图的商业气氛。这两篇小说均包含在他的著名散文集《见闻札记》中。
《瑞普·凡·温克尔》(Rip Van Winkle)是美国作家华盛顿·欧文(Washington Irving,1783—1859)创作的著名短篇小说。
《瑞普·凡·温克尔》的背景是荷兰殖民地时期的美国乡村。瑞普为人热心,靠耕种一小块贫瘠的土地养家糊口。有一天,他为了躲避唠叨凶悍的妻子,独自到附近的赫德森河畔兹吉尔山上去打猎。他遇到当年发现这条河的赫德森船长及其伙伴,在喝了他们的仙酒后,就睡了一觉。醒后下山回家,才发现时间已过了整整二十年,人世沧桑,一切都十分陌生。原本闭塞的山村现在一片沸腾,到处是演说、传单、竞选。恍惚中,瑞普发现酒店招牌上英王乔治的画像变了。红色的上衣变成了蓝黄色,手中的王笏变成宝剑,头冠三角帽,下面是“华盛顿将军”的字眼。瑞普终于知道,他现在已由英王的臣民变为“合众国的一个自由的公民”。对所有这些变化,瑞普无动于衷,因为他最担心的是“女人的专政”。
这篇小说乡土风味浓郁,充满浪漫主义奇想,流露出作者本人的保守观点,也巧妙暗示了资产阶级革命的局限。
华盛顿·欧文的另一篇短篇小说《睡谷的传说》(The legend of the Sleepy Hollow)与《瑞普·凡·温克尔》堪称姊妹篇,影响较广。在这些以荷兰殖民地时期的乡村为背景的故事里,欧文用轻快、幽默和带有浪漫色彩的笔调把朴实敦厚、知足常乐的民风展示给读者。作品含蓄地讽刺了殖民地时期陈规陋习和当时唯利是图的商业气氛。这两篇小说均包含在他的著名散文集《见闻札记》中。
李伯大梦
当美国还被英国统冶的时候。有一个叫李伯(Rip Van Winkle)的人,因为很讨厌做家事,所以常带着猎枪和狗到树林里闭逛。
这天,李伯又到山上来闭逛。忽然,听到背后有人喊他,只见一个穿着奇怪的人,要李伯去帮忙抬大酒桶,到山顶上参加宴会。
到了山顶上,一大群服装怪异的人正在举行宴会。他们要李伯帮忙倒酒,李伯忍不住,趁着大家不注意的时候偷喝了几口。结果,马上醉倒在地上。
醒来的时候,天已经亮了。李伯紧张的爬起来,身边只剩下一把看起来有点眼熟但已生铁不堪的枪。回到村子一看,全村的人竟然全都不认识,连他的家都倒塌了,他的家人也不知道去向。
经过一段时间的打听和追查,李伯才知道他在山上睡了一觉醒来后,竟然过了二十年,难怪人事全非。他把在山上的遭遇说了一遍,大家都觉得惊奇不已。后来,更成为村中最受欢迎的传奇人物呢!
瑞普·凡·温克尔的介绍
《瑞普·凡·温克尔》Rip Van Winkle)是美国作家华盛顿·欧文(Washington Irving,1783—1859)创作的著名短篇小说。这篇小说乡土风味浓郁,充满浪漫主义奇想,流露出作者本人的保守观点,也巧妙暗示了资产阶级革命的局限。
瑞普.凡.温克尔和沉睡谷对比写论文
这两篇小说的中心思想是什么?有什么可比性,能提神么论点?论文如下:
Rip Van Winkle is a short story by Washington Irving published in 1819, as well as the name of the story's fictional protagonist. It was part of a collection of stories entitled The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon.
《瑞普·凡·温克尔》是华盛顿·欧文于1819年出版的一部短篇小说,也是小说中主人公的名字。这是名为《杰弗里·克雷恩的素描集》的故事集的一部分。
The story has become a part of cultural mythology: even for those who have never read the original story, "Rip Van Winkle" means either a person who sleeps for a long period of time, or one who is inexplicably (perhaps even blissfully) unaware of current events.
这个故事已经成为文化神话的一部分:即使对那些从未读过原著的人来说,“Rip Van Winkle”也意味着要么是一个睡了很长时间的人,要么是一个莫名其妙(甚至可能是幸福地)不知道时事的人。
The story, written while Irving was staying with his sister Sarah and her husband Henry van Wart in Birmingham, England, is set in the years before and after the American Revolutionary War. A villager of Dutch descent escapes his nagging wife by wandering up Kaaterskill Clove near his home town of Palenville, New York in the Catskill Mountains.
这个故事是欧文与妹妹莎拉和丈夫亨利·范瓦特住在英国伯明翰时写的,故事发生在美国独立战争前后。一名荷兰裔村民在其家乡纽约帕伦维尔附近的卡茨基尔山上游荡,逃离了唠叨不休的妻子。
美国作家华盛顿·欧文《瑞普·凡·温克尔》的英文简介和简要评论。 Rip Van Winkle is a short story by Washington Irving published in 1819, as well as the name of the story's fictional protagonist. It was part of a collection of stories entitled The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon. The story has become a part of cultural mythology: even for those who have never read the original story, "Rip Van Winkle" means either a person who sleeps for a long period of time, or one who is inexplicably (perhaps even blissfully) unaware of current events.
Spoiler warning: Plot and/or ending details follow.
The story, written while Irving was staying with his sister Sarah and her husband Henry van Wart in Birmingham, England, is set in the years before and after the American Revolutionary War. A villager of Dutch descent escapes his nagging wife by wandering up Kaaterskill Clove near his home town of Palenville, New York in the Catskill Mountains. After various adventures (in one version of the tale, he encounters the spirits of Henry Hudson and his crew playing ninepins at the top of Kaaterskill Falls), he settles down under a shady tree and falls asleep. He wakes up 20 years later and returns to his village. He finds out that his wife is dead and his close friends have died in a war or gone somewhere else. He immediately gets into trouble when he hails himself a loyal subject of George III, not knowing that in the meantime the American Revolution has taken place and he is not supposed to be a loyal subject of any Hanoverian any longer.
Spoilers end here.
The story is a close adaptation of "Peter Klaus the Goatherd" by J.C.C. Nachtigal, which is a shorter story set in a German village.
It is also close to Karl Katz, a German fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm. This story is almost identical. One difference is when he sees dwarfs playing a game of ninepins in a mountain meadow, he joins the game. The dwarfs give him a magic drink that makes him fall asleep for twenty years. It is implied that the dwarfs are teaching him a lesson about laziness.
The story is also remarkably similar to the ancient Jewish story about Honi the Circle-Maker who falls asleep after berating a very old man for planting a fig tree (which traditionally takes 70 years to mature). He sleeps under the tree, covered by the brush and out of sight for 70 years. When he awakens, he finds a fully mature tree and that he has a grandson. When nobody believes that he is Honi, he wishes death upon himself.
The choice of "Van Winkle" for the character's name may have been influenced by the fact that Irving's New York publisher was C. S. Van Winkle.
The story is also remarkably similar to a 3rd century AD Chinese tale of Ranka, as retold in Lionel Giles in A Gallery of Chinese Immortals.
As an essayist Irving was not interested in the meaning of nature like Emerson or self-inspection like Montaigne. He observered the vanishing pasts of old Europe, the riverside Creole villages of Louisiana, the old Pawnee hunting grounds of Oklahoma, and how ladies fashion moves from one extreme to the other. 'Geoffrey Crayon' was his most prolific fictional mask. Irving once wrote: "There rise authors now and then, who seem proof against the mutability of language, because they have rooted themselves in the unchanging principles of human nature." He was the earliest literary figure of the American abroad, who appeared in The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent., in which also Irving's best-known story 'Rip Van Winkle' was included. It was based on a German folktale, set in the Dutch culture of Pre-Revolutionary War in New York State.
如果你是研究他的话,就看看这段,有关于他作为个essayist的风格,也提到了rip van winkle小说《瑞普·凡·温克》(Rip van Winkle)是美国小说家及历史家华盛顿·欧文(Washington Irving, 1783-1859)的名篇。
故事大意为:有一天瑞普·凡·温克在山中遇到背着酒桶的形状古怪的老头子。他带瑞普穿过极深的山峡,来到了一个半圆形的山洼,看到一群奇形怪状的人,不声不响地在玩着九桂球。这些人看到老头子与李白,即停止游戏。痛饮他们带来的酒之后,再开始游戏。瑞普禁不住趁这些人没看见时偷偷地尝了一口酒,觉得酒香四溢,因而再偷喝几口。最后竟至头昏脑胀,两眼发眩,不知不觉之中睡着了。一睡就是二十年。醒后回到自己的村子里,发现村子里没有一个熟人,连他所惧怕的太太也已离开人间。
这故事与我国《黄梁梦》(元代马致远所撰,系取自枕中记的故事)内容虽异,但意境相似。感叹人世虚幻,富贵荣华之短促。小说《瑞普·凡·温克》(Rip van Winkle)是美国小说家及历史家华盛顿·欧文(Washington Irving, 1783-1859)的名篇。以下内容可以参考:)~~
RIP VAN WINKLE is a famous tale written by Washington Erving,telling about a story in which an old man named Rip drank some beverage and fell into asleep for 20 years.After that,he returned to the villege where he came from,and found everything changed.People talked about revolution and election,and he has no idea of what that meaned.There have been many comments on this tale saying that it shows Erving'sattitude againstthe American revolution,and his approving of the past.On reading it the second time,it occured to me that Erving only showed his bewilderment:comming out of the oppressed life,people were at a loss about what they should do.
Erving was not cherishing the past and opposing the present.
First,Rip was not happy long before revolution,and he hated to do labour work on his own bussiness,and that was constantly under the criticism of Dame Van Winkle.Surely Dame was superior to Rip in his family,so the life of Rip could not at all be labelled as happy.
secondly,Erving showed no opposition against the new America.After he had settled down in the villege,he even made friends with the rising generation,enjoying the idle life he had long been dreamed of.
There is strong resemblence between Rip Van Winkle and the American people,Dame Van Winkle and the English government.Before revolution,Rip was a meek man who"would rather die on a penney than work for a pound",who had good relationships with the villegers.He lived a peaceful life except for the existence of Dame Van Winkle,his termagant wife who would taught him lessons in every possible way.The American people was also trying to live a peaceful life and the rule of the British government made it impossible.The Americans suffered the oppression for a long time.
The war was over and Rip returned to his villege only to find the great change in the small villege,which is the sample of the change in America.No one in the villege recognised him.People talked about hot issues he has no interested in.Dame Van Winkle was gone and he was free now.However,he had no idea what he should do.The past had passed for ever,despotism was gone.No one was going to tell Rip what he should do.No one was going to force him to do anything.The American people is free to choose now,but they have no idea of what to choose.They were led into a new kind of life to which they were strangers.They were groping in the dark for the way ahead.
By holding Rip Van Winkle as an symbol for the American people and all these analysis ,I reached the idea that Whshington Erving showed no radical attitude against the revolution but his bewilderment after the revolution.
去网上有中文可以稳到~
文章标题: 瑞普·凡·温克尔常被认为是美国第一部短篇小说。你认为为什么它保持受欢迎的时间这么长
文章地址: http://www.xdqxjxc.cn/gushi/140549.html